8/18/2023 0 Comments Nasa stock graph![]() But the graph was meant to show just how divergent the estimates were. All the estimates were too large-we now know that the correct distance is sixteen and a half degrees. There was a cluster of estimates at around twenty degrees, including those made by the great astronomer Tycho Brahe and the pioneering cartographer Gerardus Mercator others, including the celebrated mathematician Ptolemy, put the distance between the two cities closer to thirty degrees. The estimates were wildly different, scattered all across the line. From this point, he drew a single horizontal line on the page, marking across its length twelve historical calculations of the longitudinal distance from Toledo to Rome. On the left, he drew a tick mark, representing the ancient city of Toledo, in Spain. To make his case, he drew a simple one-dimensional graph. In 1628, van Langren wrote a letter to the Spanish court, in an effort to demonstrate the importance of improving the way longitude was calculated (and of giving him the funding to do so). If establishing a north-south position was notoriously difficult, the spin of the Earth made it nearly impossible to accurately calculate a ship’s east-west position. Mariners had to rely on error-prone charts and faulty compasses they made celestial observations while standing on the decks of rocking boats, and-if all else failed-threw rope overboard in an attempt to work out how far from the seabed they were. Such measurements were particularly important at sea, where accurate navigation presented a considerable challenge. This was well into the Age of Discovery, and Europeans were concerned with the measurement of time, distance, and location. The book begins with what might be the first statistical graph in history, devised by the Dutch cartographer Michael Florent van Langren in the sixteen-twenties. In “ A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication” (Harvard), Michael Friendly and Howard Wainer, a psychologist and a statistician, argue that visual thinking, by revealing what would otherwise remain invisible, has had a profound effect on the way we approach problems. ![]() The right graph, he pointed out, would have shown the truth at a glance. A decade later, Edward Tufte, the great maven of data visualization, used the Challenger teleconference as a potent example of the wrong way to display quantitative evidence. Soon after takeoff, the rubber O-rings leaked, a joint in the solid rocket boosters failed, and the space shuttle broke apart, killing all seven crew members. This is why the managers made the tragic decision to go ahead despite the weather. The chart implicitly defined the scope of relevance-and nobody seems to have asked for additional data points, the ones they couldn’t see. But most of the experts were unconvinced. Some engineers used the chart to argue that the shuttle’s O-rings had malfunctioned in the cold before, and might again. ![]() As Diane Vaughn relates in her account of the tragedy, “ The Challenger Launch Decision” (1996), the data were presented at an emergency NASA teleconference, scribbled by hand in a simple table format and hurriedly faxed to the Kennedy Space Center. The first graph contains data compiled the evening before the disastrous launch of the space shuttle Challenger, in 1986. Motivates and inspires people to pursue science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields.One more twist: the points on the graph are real but have nothing to do with auto racing.Inspires people around the world it is one of the best "brands" of the United States.Promotes international collaboration and supports peaceful foreign policy.Satellites, telecommunications, remote sensing, and GPS technologies. ![]() Advances space-related industries and has made contributions thatĭirectly impact people every day: including the first weather.Positive ripples throughout the economy larger than other federal Supports technology development and skilled manufacturing, creating.Benefits of NASAĪccording to a report by The Tauri Group, NASA provides broad social and economic benefits to the United States. Source: NASA Procurement Data View/Casey Dreier. See the full list, including prior fiscal years, in this Google Spreadsheet. The top 10 states by NASA contracted spending obligations in FY 2021. Though they in turn work with many additional supplies and businesses. SpaceX, and Orbital Sciences-are the biggest recipients of NASA funding, NASA's major contractors-Boeing, Lockheed-Martin, NASA spent 73.5% of its total budget on contracts with nearly 5,000īusinesses, nonprofit organizations, and educational institutions across Through contracts and grants made in every state of the union. NASA employs aboutġ7,000 people and supports the employment of tens of thousands more NASA spends its money on Earth, not in space. ![]()
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